Metalloenzyme inhibitor compounds

ABSTRACT

The instant invention describes compounds having metalloenzyme modulating activity, and methods of treating diseases, disorders or symptoms thereof mediated by such metalloenzymes.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is the national phase under 35 U.S.C. §371 of PCTInternational Application No. PCT/US2010/062385, filed Dec. 29, 2010,which claims the benefit of Provisional Patent Application No.61/291,491, filed Dec. 31, 2009. The entire contents of theaforementioned applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

Living organisms have developed tightly regulated processes thatspecifically import metals, transport them to intracellular storagesites and ultimately transport them to sites of use. One of the mostimportant functions of metals such as zinc and iron in biologicalsystems is to enable the activity of metalloenzymes. Metalloenzymes areenzymes that incorporate metal ions into the enzyme active site andutilize the metal as a part of the catalytic process. More thanone-third of all characterized enzymes are metalloenzymes.

The function of metalloenzymes is highly dependent on the presence ofthe metal ion in the active site of the enzyme. It is well recognizedthat agents which bind to and inactivate the active site metal iondramatically decrease the activity of the enzyme. Nature employs thissame strategy to decrease the activity of certain metalloenzymes duringperiods in which the enzymatic activity is undesirable. For example, theprotein TIMP (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases) binds to the zincion in the active site of various matrix metalloprotease enzymes andthereby arrests the enzymatic activity. The pharmaceutical industry hasused the same strategy in the design of therapeutic agents. For example,the prostate anticancer agent ketoconazole contains a 1-imidazole groupthat binds to the heme iron present in the active site of the targetenzyme CYP17 (17-α-hydroxylase, 17,20-lyase) and thereby inactivates theenzyme. Another example includes the zinc-binding hydroxamic acid groupthat has been incorporated into most published inhibitors of matrixmetalloproteinases and histone deacetylases. Another example is thezinc-binding carboxylic acid group that has been incorporated into mostpublished angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.

In the design of clinically safe and effective metalloenzyme inhibitors,use of the most appropriate metal-binding group for the particulartarget and clinical indication is critical. If a weakly bindingmetal-binding group is utilized, potency may be suboptimal. On the otherhand, if a very tightly binding metal-binding group is utilized,selectivity for the target enzyme versus related metalloenzymes may besuboptimal. The lack of optimal selectivity can be a cause for clinicaltoxicity due to unintended inhibition of these off-targetmetalloenzymes. One example of such clinical toxicity is the unintendedinhibition of human drug metabolizing enzymes such as CYP2C9, CYP2C19and CYP3A4 by the currently-available prostate anticancer agentketoconazole. It is believed that this off-target inhibition is causedprimarily by the indiscriminate binding of the currently utilized1-imidazole to iron in the active site of CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4.Another example of this is the joint pain that has been observed in manyclinical trials of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors. This toxicity isconsidered to be related to inhibition of off-target metalloenzymes dueto indiscriminate binding of the hydroxamic acid group to zinc in theoff-target active sites.

Therefore, the search for metal-binding groups that can achieve a betterbalance of potency and selectivity remains an important goal and wouldbe significant in the realization of therapeutic agents and methods toaddress currently unmet needs in treating and preventing diseases,disorders and symptoms thereof.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is directed towards compounds (e.g., any of thosedelineated herein), methods of modulating activity of metalloenzymes,and methods of treating diseases, disorders or symptoms thereof. Themethods can comprise the compounds herein.

A compound of formula (I) or (II), or salt, solvate, hydrate or prodrugthereof, wherein:

Each R¹ and R² is independently optionally substituted aryl, optionallysubstituted naphthyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionallysubstituted alkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionallysubstituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl,optionally substituted heteroaryl-alkyl or optionally substitutedheteroaryl-(di)fluoroalkyl;

R³ is independently optionally H, substituted alkyl, or substitutedcycloalkyl.

In another aspect, the compound is of formula (I) or (II), or salt,solvate, hydrate or prodrug thereof,

wherein (I) or (II) are not:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, or hydrates thereof.

In one aspect, the compound of formula I or II is that wherein R₃ is H.

In one aspect, the compound of formula I or II is that wherein R₂ isoptionally substituted alkyl, and R₃ is H.

In one aspect, the compound of formula I or II is that wherein R₁ isoptionally substituted aryl, R₂ is alkyl, and R₃ is H.

In one aspect, the compound of formula I or II is that wherein R₁ isoptionally substituted heteroaryl, R₂ is alkyl, and R₃ is H.

In one aspect, the compound of formula I or II is that wherein R₁ issubstituted aryl, R₂ is alkyl, and R₃ is H.

In one aspect, the compound of formula I or II is that wherein R₁ isoptionally substituted naphthyl, R₂ is alkyl, and R₃ is H.

In one aspect, the compound of formula I or II is that wherein R₁ issubstituted naphthyl, R₂ is alkyl, and R₃ is H.

In one aspect, the compound of formula I or II is that wherein R₁ isnaphthyl substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents, independentlyselected from alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, cyano, halo, amino,mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, or heteroaryl.

In one aspect, the compound of formula I or II is that wherein R₁ isaryl optionally substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 independent substituentsselected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, haloalkyl, cyano,nitro, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl, oxo (i.e.,carbonyl), carboxyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl,alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxy,heteroaryloxycarbonyl, thio, mercapto, mercaptoalkyl, arylsulfonyl,amino, aminoalkyl, dialkylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkylaminocarbonyl,alkoxycarbonylamino, alkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, alkylcarbonyl,or arylamino-substituted aryl; arylalkylamino, aralkylaminocarbonyl,amido, alkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl,alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, imino, carbamido, carbamyl,thioureido, thiocyanato, sulfoamido, sulfonylalkyl, sulfonylaryl,mercaptoalkoxy, N-hydroxyamidinyl, or N′-aryl, N″-hydroxyamidinyl

In one aspect, the compound of formula I is that having the structure offormula (III):

Wherein R² and R³ are as defined above; X is CH or N; Y is CH or N; andR⁴ and R⁵ are independently H, halogen, alkoxy, fluoroalkoxy containing1-5 fluorines, cyano, carboxamido, optionally substituted aryl, oroptionally substituted heteroaryl.

In one aspect, the compound of formula I (e.g., formula (III)) is thatwherein X=CH.

In one aspect, the compound of formula I (e.g., formula (III)) is thatwherein X=N.

In one aspect, the compound of formula I (e.g., formula (III)) is thatwherein Y=CH.

In one aspect, the compound of formula I (e.g., formula (III)) is thatwherein Y=N.

In one aspect, the compound of formula I (e.g., formula (III)) is thatwherein X=CH and Y=N.

In one aspect, the compound of formula I (e.g., formula (III)) is thatwherein X=N and Y=CH.

In one aspect, the compound of formula I (e.g., formula (III)) is thatwherein X=Y=CH.

In one aspect, the compound of formula I (e.g., formula (III)) is thatwherein X=Y=N.

In one aspect, the compound of formula I or II is that wherein thecompound attains affinity for a metalloenzyme by formation of one ormore of the following types of chemical interactions or bonds to ametal: sigma bonds, covalent bonds, coordinate-covalent bonds, ionicbonds, pi bonds, delta bonds, or backbonding interactions.

In one aspect, the compound of formula I or II is that wherein thecompound binds to a metal.

In one aspect, the compound of formula I or II is that wherein thecompound binds to iron, zinc, heme iron, manganese, magnesium, ironsulfide cluster, nickel, molybdenum, or copper.

In one aspect, the compound of formula I or II is that wherein thecompound inhibits an enzyme class selected from cytochrome P450 family,histone deacetylases, matrix metalloproteinases, phosphodiesterases,cyclooxygenases, carbonic anhydrases, and nitric oxide synthases.

In one aspect, the compound of formula I or II is that wherein thecompound inhibits an enzyme selected from 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvatedioxygenase, 5-lipoxygenase, adenosine deaminase, alcohol dehydrogenase,aminopeptidase n, angiotensin converting enzyme, aromatase (CYP19),calcineurin, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, carbonic anhydrase family,catechol o-methyl transferase, cyclooxygenase family, dihydropyrimidinedehydrogenase-1, DNA polymerase, farnesyl diphosphate synthase, farnesyltransferase, fumarate reductase, GABA aminotransferase, HIF-prolylhydroxylase, histone deacetylase family, HIV integrase, HIV-1 reversetranscriptase, isoleucine tRNA ligase, lanosterol demethylase (CYP51),matrix metalloprotease family, methionine aminopeptidase, neutralendopeptidase, nitric oxide synthase family, phosphodiesterase III,phosphodiesteraseIV, phosphodiesteraseV, pyruvate ferredoxinoxidoreductase, renal peptidase, ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase,thromboxane synthase (CYP5a), thyroid peroxidase, tyrosinase, urease,and xanthine oxidase.

In one aspect, the compound of formula I or II is that wherein thecompound inhibits an enzyme selected from 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphatereductoisomerase (DXR), 17-alpha hydroxylase (CYP17), aldosteronesynthase (CYP11B2), aminopeptidase p, anthrax lethal factor, arginase,beta-lactamase, cytochrome P450 2A6, d-ala d-ala ligase, dopaminebeta-hydroxylase, endothelin converting enzyme-1, glutamatecarboxypeptidase II, glutaminyl cyclase, glyoxalase, heme oxygenase,HPV/HSV E1 helicase, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, leukotriene A4hydrolase, methionine aminopeptidase 2, peptide deformylase,phosphodiesteraseVII, relaxase, retinoic acid hydroxylase (CYP26),TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE),UDP-(3-O—(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl))-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC),vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), and vitamin D hydroxylase (CYP24).

In one aspect, the compound of formula I or II is that wherein thecompound is identified as binding to a metal.

In one aspect, the compound of formula I or II is that wherein thecompound is identified as binding to iron, zinc, heme-iron, manganese,magnesium, iron-sulfide cluster, nickel, molybdenum, or copper.

In one aspect, the compound of formula I or II is that wherein thecompound is identified as inhibiting an enzyme class selected fromcytochrome P450 family, histone deacetylases, matrix metalloproteinases,phosphodiesterases, cyclooxygenases, carbonic anhydrases, and nitricoxide synthases.

In one aspect, the compound of formula I or II is that wherein thecompound is identified as inhibiting an enzyme selected from4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase, 5-lipoxygenase, adenosinedeaminase, alcohol dehydrogenase, aminopeptidase n, angiotensinconverting enzyme, aromatase (CYP19), calcineurin, carbamoyl phosphatesynthetase, carbonic anhydrase family, catechol o-methyl transferase,cyclooxygenase family, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase-1, DNApolymerase, farnesyl diphosphate synthase, farnesyl transferase,fumarate reductase, GABA aminotransferase, HIF-prolyl hydroxylasehistone deacetylase family, HIV integrase, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase,isoleucine tRNA ligase, lanosterol demethylase (CYP51), matrixmetalloprotease family, methionine aminopeptidase, neutralendopeptidase, nitric oxide synthase family, phosphodiesterase III,phosphodiesteraseIV, phosphodiesteraseV, pyruvate ferredoxinoxidoreductase, renal peptidase, ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase,thromboxane synthase (CYP5a), thyroid peroxidase, tyrosinase, urease,and xanthine oxidase.

In one aspect, the compounds herein are those wherein the compound isidentified as an inhibitor of CYP17.

In one aspect, the compounds herein are those wherein the compound isidentified as having an activity range against a target enzyme and anactivity range against an off-target enzyme (e.g., CYP17 IC50<1.0 μM andIC50>3.0 μM for CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4; CYP17 IC50<0.5 μM andIC50>1.0 μM for CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4; CYP17 IC50<0.46 μM andIC50>4.8 μM for CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4; CYP17 IC50<XX μM and IC50>YYμM for CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, wherein XX is an independent numberand YY is an independent number, or in other aspects XX is a number lessthan YY. In certain aspects, for example, XX is 2-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold,50-fold, 100-fold, or 1000-fold less than YY).).

Another aspect is a method of inhibiting metalloenzyme activitycomprising contacting a compound of the formulae herein with ametalloenzyme. In one aspect, the contacting is in vivo. In anotheraspect, the contacting is in vitro.

The method can further be that: wherein the metalloenzyme comprises ametal atom that is iron, zinc, heme iron, manganese, magnesium, ironsulfide cluster, nickel, molybdenum, or copper;

wherein the metalloenzyme is a member of an enzyme class selected fromcytochrome P450 family, histone deacetylases, matrix metalloproteinases,phosphodiesterases, cyclooxygenases, carbonic anhydrases, and nitricoxide synthases; the metalloenzyme is aromatase (CYP19), acyclooxygenase, lanosterol demethylase (CYP51), a nitric oxide synthase,thromboxane synthase (CYP5a), thyroid peroxidase, 17-alphahydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17), aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2),cytochrome P450 2A6, heme oxygenase, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase,retinoic acid hydroxylase (CYP26), or vitamin D hydroxylase (CYP24);

wherein the metalloenzyme is 17-alpha hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17);

wherein the metalloenzyme is 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase,5-lipoxygenase, adenosine deaminase, alcohol dehydrogenase,aminopeptidase n, angiotensin converting enzyme, aromatase (CYP19),calcineurin, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, carbonic anhydrase family,catechol o-methyl transferase, cyclooxygenase family, dihydropyrimidinedehydrogenase-1, DNA polymerase, farnesyl diphosphate synthase, farnesyltransferase, fumarate reductase, GABA aminotransferase, HIF-prolylhydroxylase, histone deacetylase family, HIV integrase, HIV-1 reversetranscriptase, isoleucine tRNA ligase, lanosterol demethylase (CYP51),matrix metalloprotease family, methionine aminopeptidase, neutralendopeptidase, nitric oxide synthase family, phosphodiesterase III,phosphodiesteraseIV, phosphodiesteraseV, pyruvate ferredoxinoxidoreductase, renal peptidase, ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase,thromboxane synthase (CYP5a), thyroid peroxidase, tyrosinase, urease,and xanthine oxidase; or

wherein the metalloenzyme is 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphatereductoisomerase (DXR), 17-alpha hydroxylase (CYP17), aldosteronesynthase (CYP11B2), aminopeptidase p, anthrax lethal factor, arginase,beta-lactamase, cytochrome P450 2A6, d-ala d-ala ligase, dopaminebeta-hydroxylase, endothelin converting enzyme-1, glutamatecarboxypeptidase II, glutaminyl cyclase, glyoxalase, heme oxygenase,HPV/HSV E1 helicase, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, leukotriene A4hydrolase, methionine aminopeptidase 2, peptide deformylase,phosphodiesteraseVII, relaxase, retinoic acid hydroxylase (CYP26),TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE),UDP-(3-O—(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl))-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC),vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), or vitamin D hydroxylase (CYP24).

The methods herein can further comprise administering the compound to asubject.

The methods herein include those herein wherein the compound of formula(I) or (II) is identified as having an activity range against a targetenzyme and an activity range against an off-target enzyme (e.g., CYP17IC50<1.0 μM and IC50>3.0 μM for CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4; CYP17IC50<0.5 μM and IC50>1.0 μM for CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4; CYP17IC50<0.46 μM and IC50>4.8 μM for CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4; CYP17IC50<XX μM and IC50>YY μM for CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, wherein XX isan independent number and YY is an independent number, or in otheraspects XX is a number less than YY. In certain aspects, for example, XXis 2-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 50-fold, 100-fold, or 1000-fold less thanYY).).

The compounds herein include those wherein the compound is identified asattaining affinity, at least in part, for a metalloenzyme by formationof one or more of the following types of chemical interactions or bondsto a metal: sigma bonds, covalent bonds, coordinate-covalent bonds,ionic bonds, pi bonds, delta bonds, or backbonding interactions. Thecompounds can also attain affinity through weaker interactions with themetal such as van der Waals interactions, pi cation interactions,pi-anion interactions, dipole-dipole interactions, ion-dipoleinteractions. In one aspect, the compound is identified as having abonding interaction with the metal via the 2-tetrazole moiety; inanother aspect, the compound is identified as having a bondinginteraction with the metal via the N of the 2-tetrazole moiety.

Methods for assessing metal-ligand binding interactions are known in theart as exemplified in references including, for example, “Principles ofBioinorganic Chemistry” by Lippard and Berg, University Science Books,(1994); “Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions” by Basolo and Pearson JohnWiley & Sons Inc; 2nd edition (September 1967); “Biological InorganicChemistry” by Ivano Bertini, Harry Gray, Ed Stiefel, Joan Valentine,University Science Books (2007); Xue et al. “Nature Chemical Biology”,vol. 4, no. 2, 107-109 (2008).

In certain instances, the compounds of the invention are selected fromthe following of Formula (I) or (II) (and pharmaceutically acceptablesalts, solvates, or hydrates thereof):

-   2-(1-(6,7-bis(difluoro    methoxy)naphthalen-2-yl)-2-methylpropyl)-2H-tetrazole (1);-   2-(2-Methyl-1-(6-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)naphthalen-2-yl)propyl)-2H-tetrazole    (2);-   2-(1-(6,7-Dimethoxynaphthalen-2-yl)-2-methylpropyl)-2H-tetrazole    (3);-   2-(1-(6-(difluoromethoxy)naphthalen-2-yl)-2-methylpropyl)-2H-tetrazole    (4).

In another aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising the compound of formula I or II and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier.

In other aspects, the invention provides a method of modulatingmetalloenzyme activity in a subject, comprising contacting the subjectwith a compound of formula I or II, in an amount and under conditionssufficient to modulate metalloenzyme activity.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a subjectsuffering from or susceptible to a disorder or disease delineatedherein, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of acompound or pharmaceutical composition of formula I or II.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a subjectsuffering from or susceptible to a metalloenzyme-related disorder ordisease, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount ofa compound or pharmaceutical composition of formula I or II.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a subjectsuffering from or susceptible to a metalloenzyme-related disorder ordisease, wherein the subject has been identified as in need of treatmentfor a metalloenzyme-related disorder or disease, comprisingadministering to said subject in need thereof, an effective amount of acompound or pharmaceutical composition of formula I or II, such thatsaid subject is treated for said disorder.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a subjectsuffering from or susceptible to a metalloenzyme-mediated disorder ordisease, wherein the subject has been identified as in need of treatmentfor a metalloenzyme-mediated disorder or disease, comprisingadministering to said subject in need thereof, an effective amount of acompound or pharmaceutical composition of formula I or II, such thatmetalloenzyme activity in said subject is modulated (e.g., downregulated, inhibited). In another aspect, the compounds delineatedherein preferentially target cancer cells over nontransformed cells.

The methods herein include those wherein the disease or disorder ismediated by any of 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase, 5-lipoxygenase,adenosine deaminase, alcohol dehydrogenase, aminopeptidase n,angiotensin converting enzyme, aromatase (CYP19), calcineurin, carbamoylphosphate synthetase, carbonic anhydrase family, catechol o-methyltransferase, cyclooxygenase family, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase-1,DNA polymerase, farnesyl diphosphate synthase, farnesyl transferase,fumarate reductase, GABA aminotransferase, HIF-prolyl hydroxylase,histone deacetylase family, HIV integrase, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase,isoleucine tRNA ligase, lanosterol demethylase (CYP51), matrixmetalloprotease family, methionine aminopeptidase, neutralendopeptidase, nitric oxide synthase family, phosphodiesterase III,phosphodiesteraseIV, phosphodiesteraseV, pyruvate ferredoxinoxidoreductase, renal peptidase, ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase,thromboxane synthase (CYP5a), thyroid peroxidase, tyrosinase, urease, orxanthine oxidase.

The methods herein include those wherein the disease or disorder ismediated by any of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase(DXR), 17-alpha hydroxylase (CYP17), aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2),aminopeptidase p, anthrax lethal factor, arginase, beta-lactamase,cytochrome P450 2A6, d-ala d-ala ligase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase,endothelin converting enzyme-1, glutamate carboxypeptidase II,glutaminyl cyclase, glyoxalase, heme oxygenase, HPV/HSV E1 helicase,indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, leukotriene A4 hydrolase, methionineaminopeptidase 2, peptide deformylase, phosphodiesteraseVII, relaxase,retinoic acid hydroxylase (CYP26), TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE),UDP-(3-O—(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl))-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase (LpxC),vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), or vitamin D hydroxylase (CYP24).

The methods herein include those wherein the disease or disorder iscancer, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory disease, infectiousdisease, metabolic disease, opthalmologic disease, central nervoussystem (CNS) disease, urologic disease, or gastrointestinal disease.

The methods herein include those wherein the disease or disorder isprostate cancer, breast cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids,inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, systemic fungal infection,onychomycosis, or cardiovascular disease.

Methods delineated herein include those wherein the subject isidentified as in need of a particular stated treatment. Identifying asubject in need of such treatment can be in the judgment of a subject ora health care professional and can be subjective (e.g. opinion) orobjective (e.g. measurable by a test or diagnostic method).

Another aspect of the invention is a composition comprising a compoundof any of the formulae herein and an agriculturally acceptable carrier.

Another aspect of the invention is a method of treating or preventing ametalloenzyme-mediated disease or disorder in or on a plant comprisingcontacting a compound of any of the formulae herein with the plant.

Another aspect of the invention is a method of inhibiting metalloenzymeactivity in a microorganism on a plant comprising contacting a compoundof any of the formulae herein with the plant.

Another aspect of the invention is a method of treating or preventing afungal disease or disorder in or on a plant comprising contacting acompound of any of the formulae herein with the plant.

Another aspect of the invention is a method of treating or preventingfungi growth in or on a plant comprising contacting a compound of any ofthe formulae herein with the plant.

Another aspect of the invention is a method of inhibiting microorganismsin or on a plant comprising contacting a compound of any of the formulaeherein with the plant.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Definitions

In order that the invention may be more readily understood, certainterms are first defined here for convenience.

As used herein, the term “treating” a disorder encompasses preventing,ameliorating, mitigating and/or managing the disorder and/or conditionsthat may cause the disorder. The terms “treating” and “treatment” referto a method of alleviating or abating a disease and/or its attendantsymptoms. In accordance with the present invention “treating” includespreventing, blocking, inhibiting, attenuating, protecting against,modulating, reversing the effects of and reducing the occurrence ofe.g., the harmful effects of a disorder.

As used herein, “inhibiting” encompasses preventing, reducing andhalting progression. Note that “enzyme inhibition” (e.g., metalloenzymeinhibition) is distinguished and described below.

The term “modulate” refers to increases or decreases in the activity ofan enzyme in response to exposure to a compound of the invention.

The terms “isolated,” “purified,” or “biologically pure” refer tomaterial that is substantially or essentially free from components thatnormally accompany it as found in its native state. Purity andhomogeneity are typically determined using analytical chemistrytechniques such as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or highperformance liquid chromatography. Particularly, in embodiments thecompound is at least 85% pure, more preferably at least 90% pure, morepreferably at least 95% pure, and most preferably at least 99% pure.

The term “administration” or “administering” includes routes ofintroducing the compound(s) to a subject to perform their intendedfunction. Examples of routes of administration which can be used includeinjection (subcutaneous, intravenous, parenterally, intraperitoneally,intrathecal), topical, oral, inhalation, rectal and transdermal.

The term “effective amount” includes an amount effective, at dosages andfor periods of time necessary, to achieve the desired result. Aneffective amount of compound may vary according to factors such as thedisease state, age, and weight of the subject, and the ability of thecompound to elicit a desired response in the subject. Dosage regimensmay be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response. Aneffective amount is also one in which any toxic or detrimental effects(e.g., side effects) of the inhibitor compound are outweighed by thetherapeutically beneficial effects.

The phrases “systemic administration,” “administered systemically”,“peripheral administration” and “administered peripherally” as usedherein mean the administration of a compound(s), drug or other material,such that it enters the patient's system and, thus, is subject tometabolism and other like processes.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to that amount of thecompound being administered sufficient to prevent development of oralleviate to some extent one or more of the symptoms of the condition ordisorder being treated.

A therapeutically effective amount of compound (i.e., an effectivedosage) may range from about 0.005 μg/kg to about 200 mg/kg, preferablyabout 0.01 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg, more preferably about 0.015 mg/kgto about 30 mg/kg of body weight. In other embodiments, thetherapeutically effect amount may range from about 1.0 pM to about 10μM. The skilled artisan will appreciate that certain factors mayinfluence the dosage required to effectively treat a subject, includingbut not limited to the severity of the disease or disorder, previoustreatments, the general health and/or age of the subject, and otherdiseases present. Moreover, treatment of a subject with atherapeutically effective amount of a compound can include a singletreatment or, preferably, can include a series of treatments. In oneexample, a subject is treated with a compound in the range of betweenabout 0.005 μg/kg to about 200 mg/kg of body weight, one time per dayfor between about 1 to 10 weeks, preferably between 2 to 8 weeks, morepreferably between about 3 to 7 weeks, and even more preferably forabout 4, 5, or 6 weeks. In another example, a subject may be treateddaily for several years in the setting of a chronic condition orillness. It will also be appreciated that the effective dosage of acompound used for treatment may increase or decrease over the course ofa particular treatment.

The term “chiral” refers to molecules which have the property ofnon-superimposability of the mirror image partner, while the term“achiral” refers to molecules which are superimposable on their mirrorimage partner.

The term “diastereomers” refers to stereoisomers with two or morecenters of dissymmetry and whose molecules are not minor images of oneanother.

The term “enantiomers” refers to two stereoisomers of a compound whichare non-superimposable mirror images of one another. An equimolarmixture of two enantiomers is called a “racemic mixture” or a“racemate.”

The term “isomers” or “stereoisomers” refers to compounds which haveidentical chemical constitution, but differ with regard to thearrangement of the atoms or groups in space.

The term “prodrug” includes compounds with moieties which can bemetabolized in vivo. Generally, the prodrugs are metabolized in vivo byesterases or by other mechanisms to active drugs. Examples of prodrugsand their uses are well known in the art (See, e.g., Berge et al. (1977)“Pharmaceutical Salts”, J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19). The prodrugs can beprepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of thecompounds, or by separately reacting the purified compound in its freeacid form or hydroxyl with a suitable esterifying agent. Hydroxyl groupscan be converted into esters via treatment with a carboxylic acid.Examples of prodrug moieties include substituted and unsubstituted,branch or unbranched lower alkyl ester moieties, (e.g., propionoic acidesters), lower alkenyl esters, di-lower alkyl-amino lower-alkyl esters(e.g., dimethylaminoethyl ester), acylamino lower alkyl esters (e.g.,acetyloxymethyl ester), acyloxy lower alkyl esters (e.g.,pivaloyloxymethyl ester), aryl esters (phenyl ester), aryl-lower alkylesters (e.g., benzyl ester), substituted (e.g., with methyl, halo, ormethoxy substituents) aryl and aryl-lower alkyl esters, amides,lower-alkyl amides, di-lower alkyl amides, and hydroxy amides. Preferredprodrug moieties are propionoic acid esters and acyl esters. Prodrugswhich are converted to active forms through other mechanisms in vivo arealso included. In aspects, the compounds of the invention are prodrugsof any of the formulae herein.

The term “subject” refers to animals such as mammals, including, but notlimited to, primates (e.g., humans), cows, sheep, goats, horses, dogs,cats, rabbits, rats, mice and the like. In certain embodiments, thesubject is a human.

The terms “a,” “an,” and “the” refer to “one or more” when used in thisapplication, including the claims. Thus, for example, reference to “asample” includes a plurality of samples, unless the context clearly isto the contrary (e.g., a plurality of samples), and so forth.

Throughout this specification and the claims, the words “comprise,”“comprises,” and “comprising” are used in a non-exclusive sense, exceptwhere the context requires otherwise.

As used herein, the term “about,” when referring to a value is meant toencompass variations of, in some embodiments ±20%, in some embodiments±10%, in some embodiments ±5%, in some embodiments ±1%, in someembodiments ±0.5%, and in some embodiments ±0.1% from the specifiedamount, as such variations are appropriate to perform the disclosedmethods or employ the disclosed compositions.

Use of the word “inhibitor” herein is meant to mean a molecule thatexhibits activity for inhibiting a metalloenzyme. By “inhibit” herein ismeant to decrease the activity of metalloenzyme, as compared to theactivity of metalloenzyme in the absence of the inhibitor. In someembodiments, the term “inhibit” means a decrease in metalloenzymeactivity of at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 20%,at least about 25%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at leastabout 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, or at least about95%. In other embodiments, inhibit means a decrease in metalloenzymeactivity of about 5% to about 25%, about 25% to about 50%, about 50% toabout 75%, or about 75% to 100%. In some embodiments, inhibit means adecrease in metalloenzyme activity of about 95% to 100%, e.g., adecrease in activity of 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%. Such decreasescan be measured using a variety of techniques that would be recognizableby one of skill in the art. Particular assays for measuring individualactivity are described below.

Furthermore the compounds of the invention include olefins having eithergeometry: “Z” refers to what is referred to as a “cis” (same side)configuration whereas “E” refers to what is referred to as a “trans”(opposite side) configuration. With respect to the nomenclature of achiral center, the terms “d” and “l” (or plus and minus) configurationare as defined by the IUPAC Recommendations. As to the use of the terms,diastereomer, racemate, epimer and enantiomer, these will be used intheir normal context to describe the stereochemistry of preparations.

As used herein, the term “alkyl” refers to a straight-chained orbranched hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms. The term“lower alkyl” refers to a C1-C6 alkyl chain. Examples of alkyl groupsinclude methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, and n-pentyl.Alkyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents.

The term “alkenyl” refers to an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain that maybe a straight chain or branched chain, containing 2 to 12 carbon atomsand at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Alkenyl groups may beoptionally substituted with one or more substituents.

The term “alkynyl” refers to an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain that maybe a straight chain or branched chain, containing the 2 to 12 carbonatoms and at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Alkynyl groups may beoptionally substituted with one or more substituents.

The sp² or sp carbons of an alkenyl group and an alkynyl group,respectively, may optionally be the point of attachment of the alkenylor alkynyl groups.

The term “alkoxy” refers to an —O-alkyl radical.

The term “haloalkoxy” refers to an —O-alkyl radical that is substitutedby one or more halo substituents. Examples of haloalkoxy groups includetrifluoromethoxy, and 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy.

As used herein, the term “halogen”, “hal” or “halo” means —F, —Cl, —Bror —I.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a hydrocarbon 3-8 membered monocyclic or7-14 membered bicyclic ring system having at least one saturated ring orhaving at least one non-aromatic ring, wherein the non-aromatic ring mayhave some degree of unsaturation. Cycloalkyl groups may be optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents. In one embodiment, 0, 1, 2,3, or 4 atoms of each ring of a cycloalkyl group may be substituted by asubstituent. Representative examples of cycloalkyl group includecyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclobutyl, cycloheptyl,cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, and thelike.

The term “aryl” refers to a hydrocarbon monocyclic, bicyclic ortricyclic aromatic ring system. Aryl groups may be optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents. In one embodiment, 0, 1, 2,3, 4, 5 or 6 atoms of each ring of an aryl group may be substituted by asubstituent. Examples of aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl,anthracenyl, fluorenyl, indenyl, azulenyl, and the like.

The term “heteroaryl” refers to an aromatic 5-8 membered monocyclic,8-12 membered bicyclic, or 11-14 membered tricyclic ring system having1-4 ring heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-6 heteroatoms if bicyclic, or 1-9heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S, andthe remainder ring atoms being carbon (with appropriate hydrogen atomsunless otherwise indicated). Heteroaryl groups may be optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents. In one embodiment, 0, 1, 2,3, or 4 atoms of each ring of a heteroaryl group may be substituted by asubstituent. Examples of heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, furanyl,thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl,isoxazolyl, quinolinyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridazinyl,pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, isoquinolinyl, indazolyl, and thelike.

The term “nitrogen-containing heteroaryl” refers to a heteroaryl grouphaving 1-4 ring nitrogen heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-6 ring nitrogenheteroatoms if bicyclic, or 1-9 ring nitrogen heteroatoms if tricyclic.

The term “heterocycloalkyl” refers to a nonaromatic 3-8 memberedmonocyclic, 7-12 membered bicyclic, or 10-14 membered tricyclic ringsystem comprising 1-3 heteroatoms if monocyclic, 1-6 heteroatoms ifbicyclic, or 1-9 heteroatoms if tricyclic, said heteroatoms selectedfrom O, N, S, B, P or Si, wherein the nonaromatic ring system iscompletely saturated. Heterocycloalkyl groups may be optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents. In one embodiment, 0, 1, 2,3, or 4 atoms of each ring of a heterocycloalkyl group may besubstituted by a substituent. Representative heterocycloalkyl groupsinclude piperidinyl, piperazinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl,thiomorpholinyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl,thienyl, and the like.

The term “alkylamino” refers to an amino substituent which is furthersubstituted with one or two alkyl groups. The term “aminoalkyl” refersto an alkyl substituent which is further substituted with one or moreamino groups. The term “hydroxyalkyl” or “hydroxylalkyl” refers to analkyl substituent which is further substituted with one or more hydroxylgroups. The alkyl or aryl portion of alkylamino, aminoalkyl,mercaptoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, mercaptoalkoxy, sulfonylalkyl,sulfonylaryl, alkylcarbonyl, and alkylcarbonylalkyl may be optionallysubstituted with one or more substituents.

Acids and bases useful in the methods herein are known in the art. Acidcatalysts are any acidic chemical, which can be inorganic (e.g.,hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric acids, aluminum trichloride) or organic(e.g., camphorsulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, acetic acid,ytterbium triflate) in nature. Acids are useful in either catalytic orstoichiometric amounts to facilitate chemical reactions. Bases are anybasic chemical, which can be inorganic (e.g., sodium bicarbonate,potassium hydroxide) or organic (e.g., triethylamine, pyridine) innature. Bases are useful in either catalytic or stoichiometric amountsto facilitate chemical reactions.

Alkylating agents are any reagent that is capable of effecting thealkylation of the functional group at issue (e.g., oxygen atom of analcohol, nitrogen atom of an amino group). Alkylating agents are knownin the art, including in the references cited herein, and include alkylhalides (e.g., methyl iodide, benzyl bromide or chloride), alkylsulfates (e.g., methyl sulfate), or other alkyl group-leaving groupcombinations known in the art. Leaving groups are any stable speciesthat can detach from a molecule during a reaction (e.g., eliminationreaction, substitution reaction) and are known in the art, including inthe references cited herein, and include halides (e.g., I—, Cl—, Br—,F—), hydroxy, alkoxy (e.g., —OMe, —O-t-Bu), acyloxy anions (e.g., —OAc,—OC(O)CF₃), sulfonates (e.g., mesyl, tosyl), acetamides (e.g.,—NHC(O)Me), carbamates (e.g., N(Me)C(O)Ot-Bu), phosphonates (e.g.,—OP(O)(OEt)₂), water or alcohols (protic conditions), and the like.

In certain embodiments, substituents on any group (such as, for example,alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl,cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl) can be at any atom of that group, whereinany group that can be substituted (such as, for example, alkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, cycloalkyl,heterocycloalkyl) can be optionally substituted with one or moresubstituents (which may be the same or different), each replacing ahydrogen atom. Examples of suitable substituents include, but are notlimited to alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl,aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halogen, haloalkyl, cyano,nitro, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, aryloxy, hydroxyl, hydroxylalkyl, oxo (i.e.,carbonyl), carboxyl, formyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl,alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxy,heteroaryloxycarbonyl, thio, mercapto, mercaptoalkyl, arylsulfonyl,amino, aminoalkyl, dialkylamino, alkylcarbonylamino, alkylaminocarbonyl,alkoxycarbonylamino, alkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, alkylcarbonyl,or arylamino-substituted aryl; arylalkylamino, aralkylaminocarbonyl,amido, alkylaminosulfonyl, arylaminosulfonyl, dialkylaminosulfonyl,alkylsulfonylamino, arylsulfonylamino, imino, carbamido, carbamyl,thioureido, thiocyanato, sulfoamido, sulfonylalkyl, sulfonylaryl,mercaptoalkoxy, N-hydroxyamidinyl, or N′-aryl, N″-hydroxyamidinyl.

Compounds of the invention can be made by means known in the art oforganic synthesis. Methods for optimizing reaction conditions, ifnecessary minimizing competing by-products, are known in the art.Reaction optimization and scale-up may advantageously utilize high-speedparallel synthesis equipment and computer-controlled microreactors (e.g.Design And Optimization in Organic Synthesis, 2^(nd) Edition, Carlson R,Ed, 2005; Elsevier Science Ltd.; Jähnisch, K et al, Angew. Chem. Int.Ed. Engl. 2004 43: 406; and references therein). Additional reactionschemes and protocols may be determined by the skilled artesian by useof commercially available structure-searchable database software, forinstance, SciFinder® (CAS division of the American Chemical Society) andCrossFire Beilstein® (Elsevier MDL), or by appropriate keyword searchingusing an internet search engine such as Google® or keyword databasessuch as the US Patent and Trademark Office text database.

The compounds herein may also contain linkages (e.g., carbon-carbonbonds) wherein bond rotation is restricted about that particularlinkage, e.g. restriction resulting from the presence of a ring ordouble bond. Accordingly, all cis/trans and E/Z isomers are expresslyincluded in the present invention. The compounds herein may also berepresented in multiple tautomeric forms, in such instances, theinvention expressly includes all tautomeric forms of the compoundsdescribed herein, even though only a single tautomeric form may berepresented. All such isomeric forms of such compounds herein areexpressly included in the present invention. All crystal forms andpolymorphs of the compounds described herein are expressly included inthe present invention. Also embodied are extracts and fractionscomprising compounds of the invention. The term isomers is intended toinclude diastereoisomers, enantiomers, regioisomers, structural isomers,rotational isomers, tautomers, and the like. For compounds which containone or more stereogenic centers, e.g., chiral compounds, the methods ofthe invention may be carried out with an enantiomerically enrichedcompound, a racemate, or a mixture of diastereomers.

Preferred enantiomerically enriched compounds have an enantiomericexcess of 50% or more, more preferably the compound has an enantiomericexcess of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% or more. In preferredembodiments, only one enantiomer or diastereomer of a chiral compound ofthe invention is administered to cells or a subject.

Methods of Treatment

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of modulating themetalloenzyme activity of a cell in a subject, comprising contacting thesubject with a compound of formula I or II, in an amount and underconditions sufficient to modulate metalloenzyme activity.

In one embodiment, the modulation is inhibition.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of treating a subjectsuffering from or susceptible to a metalloenzyme-mediated disorder ordisease, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount ofa compound or pharmaceutical composition of formula I or II.

In other aspects, the invention provides a method of treating a subjectsuffering from or susceptible to a metalloenzyme-mediated disorder ordisease, wherein the subject has been identified as in need of treatmentfor a metalloenzyme-mediated disorder or disease, comprisingadministering to said subject in need thereof, an effective amount of acompound or pharmaceutical composition of formula I or II, such thatsaid subject is treated for said disorder.

In certain embodiments, the invention provides a method of treating adisease, disorder or symptom thereof, wherein the disorder is cancer,cardiovascular disease, inflammatory disease or infectious disease. Inother embodiments the disease, disorder or symptom thereof is metabolicdisease, opthalmologic disease, central nervous system (CNS) disease,urologic disease, or gastrointestinal disease. In certain embodimentsthe disease is prostate cancer, breast cancer, androgen-dependentcancers, estrogen-dependent cancers, inflammatory bowel disease,psoriasis, systemic fungal infection, onychomycosis, adrenalhyperplasia, prostatic hypertrophy, virilism, hirsutism, male patternalopecia, precocious puberty, endometriosis, uterus myoma, uterinecancer, uterine fibroids, mastopathy, polycystic ovary syndrome,infertility, acne, functional ovarian hyperandrogenism, hyperandrogenismwith chronic anovulation, hyperandrogenemia, premature adrenarche,adrenal or androgen excess.

In certain embodiments, the subject is a mammal, preferably a primate orhuman.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method as describedabove, wherein the effective amount of the compound of formula I or IIis as described above.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method as describedabove, wherein the compound of formula I or II is administeredintravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously,intracerebroventricularly, orally or topically.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method as describedherein wherein the compound of formula I or II demonstrates selectivityfor an activity range against a target enzyme and an activity rangeagainst an off-target enzyme (e.g., CYP17 IC50<1.0 μM and IC50>3.0 μMfor CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4; CYP17 IC50<0.5 μM and IC50>1.0 μM forCYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4; CYP17 IC50<0.46 μM and IC50>4.8 μM forCYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4; CYP17 IC50<XX μM and IC50>YY μM for CYP2C9,CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, wherein XX is an independent number and YY is anindependent number, or in other aspects XX is a number less than YY. Incertain aspects, for example, XX is 2-fold, 5-fold, 10-fold, 50-fold,100-fold, or 1000-fold less than YY).

In other embodiments, the invention provides a method as describedabove, wherein the compound of formula I or II is administered alone orin combination with one or more other therapeutics. In a furtherembodiment, the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-cancer agent,antifungal agent, cardiovascular agent, antiinflammatory agent,chemotherapeutic agent, an anti-angiogenesis agent, cytotoxic agent, ananti-proliferation agent, metabolic disease agent, opthalmologic diseaseagent, central nervous system (CNS) disease agent, urologic diseaseagent, or gastrointestinal disease agent.

As used herein, “a CYP 17 related disorder” is a physiological orpathological state that is dependent on the activity of CYP17.Non-limiting examples of CYP17 related disorders include prostatecancer, breast cancer, adrenal hyperplasia, prostatic hypertrophy,virilism, hirsutism, male pattern alopecia, precocious puberty,endometriosis, uterus myoma, uterine cancer, mastopathy, polycysticovary syndrome, infertility, acne, functional ovarian hyperandrogenism,hyperandrogenism with chronic anovulation, hyperandrogenemia, prematureadrenarche, adrenal and androgen excess.

Another object of the present invention is the use of a compound asdescribed herein (e.g., of any formulae herein) in the manufacture of amedicament for use in the treatment of a metalloenzyme-mediated disorderor disease. Another object of the present invention is the use of acompound as described herein (e.g., of any formulae herein) for use inthe treatment of a metalloenzyme-mediated disorder or disease. Anotherobject of the present invention is the use of a compound as describedherein (e.g., of any formulae herein) in the manufacture of anagricultural composition for use in the treatment or prevention of ametalloenzyme-mediated disorder or disease in agricultural or agrariansettings.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

In one aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising the compound of any of the formulae herein (e.g., formula I,II or III) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a pharmaceuticalcomposition further comprising an additional therapeutic agent. In afurther embodiment, the additional therapeutic agent is an anti-canceragent, antifungal agent, cardiovascular agent, antiinflammatory agent,chemotherapeutic agent, an anti-angiogenesis agent, cytotoxic agent, ananti-proliferation agent, metabolic disease agent, opthalmologic diseaseagent, central nervous system (CNS) disease agent, urologic diseaseagent, or gastrointestinal disease agent.

In one aspect, the invention provides a kit comprising an effectiveamount of a compound of formula I or II, in unit dosage form, togetherwith instructions for administering the compound to a subject sufferingfrom or susceptible to a metalloenzyme-mediated disease or disorder,including cancer, solid tumor, cardiovascular disease, inflammatorydisease, infectious disease. In other embodiments the disease, disorderor symptom thereof is metabolic disease, opthalmologic disease, centralnervous system (CNS) disease, urologic disease, or gastrointestinaldisease.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” or “pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier” is meant to include salts of the active compoundswhich are prepared with relatively nontoxic acids or bases, depending onthe particular substituents found on the compounds described herein.When compounds of the present invention contain relatively acidicfunctionalities, base addition salts can be obtained by contacting theneutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of the desiredbase, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples ofpharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts include sodium,potassium, calcium, ammonium, organic amino, or magnesium salt, or asimilar salt. When compounds of the present invention contain relativelybasic functionalities, acid addition salts can be obtained by contactingthe neutral form of such compounds with a sufficient amount of thedesired acid, either neat or in a suitable inert solvent. Examples ofpharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts include those derivedfrom inorganic acids like hydrochloric, hydrobromic, nitric, carbonic,monohydrogencarbonic, phosphoric, monohydrogenphosphoric,dihydrogenphosphoric, sulfuric, monohydrogensulfuric, hydroiodic, orphosphorous acids and the like, as well as the salts derived fromrelatively nontoxic organic acids like acetic, propionic, isobutyric,maleic, malonic, benzoic, succinic, suberic, fumaric, lactic, mandelic,phthalic, benzenesulfonic, p-tolylsulfonic, citric, tartaric,methanesulfonic, and the like. Also included are salts of amino acidssuch as arginate and the like, and salts of organic acids likeglucuronic or galactunoric acids and the like (see, e.g., Berge et al.,Journal of Pharmaceutical Science 66:1-19 (1977)). Certain specificcompounds of the present invention contain both basic and acidicfunctionalities that allow the compounds to be converted into eitherbase or acid addition salts. Other pharmaceutically acceptable carriersknown to those of skill in the art are suitable for the presentinvention.

The neutral forms of the compounds may be regenerated by contacting thesalt with a base or acid and isolating the parent compound in theconventional manner. The parent form of the compound differs from thevarious salt forms in certain physical properties, such as solubility inpolar solvents, but otherwise the salts are equivalent to the parentform of the compound for the purposes of the present invention.

In addition to salt forms, the present invention provides compoundswhich are in a prodrug form. Prodrugs of the compounds described hereinare those compounds that readily undergo chemical changes underphysiological conditions to provide the compounds of the presentinvention. Additionally, prodrugs can be converted to the compounds ofthe present invention by chemical or biochemical methods in an ex vivoenvironment. For example, prodrugs can be slowly converted to thecompounds of the present invention when placed in a transdermal patchreservoir with a suitable enzyme or chemical reagent.

Certain compounds of the present invention can exist in unsolvated formsas well as solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, thesolvated forms are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are intended to beencompassed within the scope of the present invention. Certain compoundsof the present invention may exist in multiple crystalline or amorphousforms. In general, all physical forms are equivalent for the usescontemplated by the present invention and are intended to be within thescope of the present invention.

The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition, comprising aneffective amount a compound described herein and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier. In an embodiment, compound is administered to thesubject using a pharmaceutically-acceptable formulation, e.g., apharmaceutically-acceptable formulation that provides sustained deliveryof the compound to a subject for at least 12 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours,48 hours, one week, two weeks, three weeks, or four weeks after thepharmaceutically-acceptable formulation is administered to the subject.

Actual dosage levels and time course of administration of the activeingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may bevaried so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which iseffective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particularpatient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic(or unacceptably toxic) to the patient.

In use, at least one compound according to the present invention isadministered in a pharmaceutically effective amount to a subject in needthereof in a pharmaceutical carrier by intravenous, intramuscular,subcutaneous, or intracerebro ventricular injection or by oraladministration or topical application. In accordance with the presentinvention, a compound of the invention may be administered alone or inconjunction with a second, different therapeutic. By “in conjunctionwith” is meant together, substantially simultaneously or sequentially.In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is administered acutely.The compound of the invention may therefore be administered for a shortcourse of treatment, such as for about 1 day to about 1 week. In anotherembodiment, the compound of the invention may be administered over alonger period of time to ameliorate chronic disorders, such as, forexample, for about one week to several months depending upon thecondition to be treated.

By “pharmaceutically effective amount” as used herein is meant an amountof a compound of the invention, high enough to significantly positivelymodify the condition to be treated but low enough to avoid serious sideeffects (at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio), within the scope of soundmedical judgment. A pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound ofthe invention will vary with the particular goal to be achieved, the ageand physical condition of the patient being treated, the severity of theunderlying disease, the duration of treatment, the nature of concurrenttherapy and the specific compound employed. For example, atherapeutically effective amount of a compound of the inventionadministered to a child or a neonate will be reduced proportionately inaccordance with sound medical judgment. The effective amount of acompound of the invention will thus be the minimum amount which willprovide the desired effect.

A decided practical advantage of the present invention is that thecompound may be administered in a convenient manner such as byintravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, oral orintra-cerebroventricular injection routes or by topical application,such as in creams or gels. Depending on the route of administration, theactive ingredients which comprise a compound of the invention may berequired to be coated in a material to protect the compound from theaction of enzymes, acids and other natural conditions which mayinactivate the compound. In order to administer a compound of theinvention by other than parenteral administration, the compound can becoated by, or administered with, a material to prevent inactivation.

The compound may be administered parenterally or intraperitoneally.Dispersions can also be prepared, for example, in glycerol, liquidpolyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof, and in oils.

Some examples of substances which can serve as pharmaceutical carriersare sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches such as cornstarch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodiumcarboxymethycellulose, ethylcellulose and cellulose acetates; powderedtragancanth; malt; gelatin; talc; stearic acids; magnesium stearate;calcium sulfate; vegetable oils, such as peanut oils, cotton seed oil,sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and oil of theobroma; polyols such aspropylene glycol, glycerine, sorbitol, mannitol, and polyethyleneglycol; agar; alginic acids; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; andphosphate buffer solution; skim milk powder; as well as other non-toxiccompatible substances used in pharmaceutical formulations such asVitamin C, estrogen and echinacea, for example. Wetting agents andlubricants such as sodium lauryl sulfate, as well as coloring agents,flavoring agents, lubricants, excipients, tableting agents, stabilizers,anti-oxidants and preservatives, can also be present. Solubilizingagents, including for example, cremaphore and beta-cyclodextrins canalso used in the pharmaceutical compositions herein.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the active compounds of thepresently disclosed subject matter (or prodrugs thereof) can bemanufactured by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating,dragee-making levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping orlyophilization processes. The compositions can be formulated inconventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptablecarriers, diluents, excipients or auxiliaries which facilitateprocessing of the active compounds into preparations which can be usedpharmaceutically.

Pharmaceutical compositions of the presently disclosed subject mattercan take a form suitable for virtually any mode of administration,including, for example, topical, ocular, oral, buccal, systemic, nasal,injection, transdermal, rectal, vaginal, and the like, or a formsuitable for administration by inhalation or insufflation.

For topical administration, the active compound(s) or prodrug(s) can beformulated as solutions, gels, ointments, creams, suspensions, and thelike.

Systemic formulations include those designed for administration byinjection, e.g., subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intrathecalor intraperitoneal injection, as well as those designed for transdermal,transmucosal, oral, or pulmonary administration.

Useful injectable preparations include sterile suspensions, solutions oremulsions of the active compound(s) in aqueous or oily vehicles. Thecompositions also can contain formulating agents, such as suspending,stabilizing and/or dispersing agent. The formulations for injection canbe presented in unit dosage form (e.g., in ampules or in multidosecontainers) and can contain added preservatives.

Alternatively, the injectable formulation can be provided in powder formfor reconstitution with a suitable vehicle, including but not limited tosterile pyrogen free water, buffer, dextrose solution, and the like,before use. To this end, the active compound(s) can be dried by anyart-known technique, such as lyophilization, and reconstituted prior touse.

For transmucosal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrierto be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are knownin the art.

For oral administration, the pharmaceutical compositions can take theform of, for example, lozenges, tablets or capsules prepared byconventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such asbinding agents (e.g., pregelatinized maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidoneor hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers (e.g., lactose,microcrystalline cellulose or calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants(e.g., magnesium stearate, talc or silica); disintegrants (e.g., potatostarch or sodium starch glycolate); or wetting agents (e.g., sodiumlauryl sulfate). The tablets can be coated by methods well known in theart with, for example, sugars or enteric coatings.

Liquid preparations for oral administration can take the form of, forexample, elixirs, solutions, syrups or suspensions, or they can bepresented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitablevehicle before use. Such liquid preparations can be prepared byconventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such assuspending agents (e.g., sorbitol syrup, cellulose derivatives orhydrogenated edible fats); emulsifying agents (e.g., lecithin oracacia); non aqueous vehicles (e.g., almond oil, oily esters, ethylalcohol or fractionated vegetable oils); and preservatives (e.g., methylor propyl p-hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid). The preparations also cancontain buffer salts, preservatives, flavoring, coloring and sweeteningagents as appropriate.

Preparations for oral administration can be suitably formulated to givecontrolled release of the active compound or prodrug, as is well known.

For buccal administration, the compositions can take the form of tabletsor lozenges formulated in a conventional manner.

For rectal and vaginal routes of administration, the active compound(s)can be formulated as solutions (for retention enemas), suppositories, orointments containing conventional suppository bases, such as cocoabutter or other glycerides.

For nasal administration or administration by inhalation orinsufflation, the active compound(s) or prodrug(s) can be convenientlydelivered in the form of an aerosol spray from pressurized packs or anebulizer with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g.,dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane,dichlorotetrafluoroethane, fluorocarbons, carbon dioxide or othersuitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol, the dosage unit canbe determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Capsulesand cartridges for use in an inhaler or insufflator (for examplecapsules and cartridges comprised of gelatin) can be formulatedcontaining a powder mix of the compound and a suitable powder base suchas lactose or starch.

A specific example of an aqueous suspension formulation suitable fornasal administration using commercially-available nasal spray devicesincludes the following ingredients: active compound or prodrug (0.5-20mg/ml); benzalkonium chloride (0.1-0.2 mg/mL); polysorbate 80 (TWEEN®80; 0.5-5 mg/ml); carboxymethylcellulose sodium or microcrystallinecellulose (1-15 mg/ml); phenylethanol (1-4 mg/ml); and dextrose (20-50mg/ml). The pH of the final suspension can be adjusted to range fromabout pH5 to pH7, with a pH of about pH 5.5 being typical.

For ocular administration, the active compound(s) or prodrug(s) can beformulated as a solution, emulsion, suspension, and the like, suitablefor administration to the eye. A variety of vehicles suitable foradministering compounds to the eye are known in the art. Specificnon-limiting examples are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,261,547; U.S.Pat. No. 6,197,934; U.S. Pat. No. 6,056,950; U.S. Pat. No. 5,800,807;U.S. Pat. No. 5,776,445; U.S. Pat. No. 5,698,219; U.S. Pat. No.5,521,222; U.S. Pat. No. 5,403,841; U.S. Pat. No. 5,077,033; U.S. Pat.No. 4,882,150; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,738,851, each of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

For prolonged delivery, the active compound(s) or prodrug(s) can beformulated as a depot preparation for administration by implantation orintramuscular injection. The active ingredient can be formulated withsuitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (e.g., as an emulsion in anacceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly solublederivatives, e.g., as a sparingly soluble salt. Alternatively,transdermal delivery systems manufactured as an adhesive disc or patchwhich slowly releases the active compound(s) for percutaneous absorptioncan be used. To this end, permeation enhancers can be used to facilitatetransdermal penetration of the active compound(s). Suitable transdermalpatches are described in for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,407,713; U.S. Pat.No. 5,352,456; U.S. Pat. No. 5,332,213; U.S. Pat. No. 5,336,168; U.S.Pat. No. 5,290,561; U.S. Pat. No. 5,254,346; U.S. Pat. No. 5,164,189;U.S. Pat. No. 5,163,899; U.S. Pat. No. 5,088,977; U.S. Pat. No.5,087,240; U.S. Pat. No. 5,008,110; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,921,475, each ofwhich is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Alternatively, other pharmaceutical delivery systems can be employed.Liposomes and emulsions are well-known examples of delivery vehiclesthat can be used to deliver active compound(s) or prodrug(s). Certainorganic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) also can be employed.

The pharmaceutical compositions can, if desired, be presented in a packor dispenser device which can contain one or more unit dosage formscontaining the active compound(s). The pack can, for example, comprisemetal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack. The pack or dispenserdevice can be accompanied by instructions for administration.

The active compound(s) or prodrug(s) of the presently disclosed subjectmatter, or compositions thereof, will generally be used in an amounteffective to achieve the intended result, for example in an amounteffective to treat or prevent the particular disease being treated. Thecompound(s) can be administered therapeutically to achieve therapeuticbenefit or prophylactically to achieve prophylactic benefit. Bytherapeutic benefit is meant eradication or amelioration of theunderlying disorder being treated and/or eradication or amelioration ofone or more of the symptoms associated with the underlying disorder suchthat the patient reports an improvement in feeling or condition,notwithstanding that the patient can still be afflicted with theunderlying disorder. For example, administration of a compound to apatient suffering from an allergy provides therapeutic benefit not onlywhen the underlying allergic response is eradicated or ameliorated, butalso when the patient reports a decrease in the severity or duration ofthe symptoms associated with the allergy following exposure to theallergen. As another example, therapeutic benefit in the context ofasthma includes an improvement in respiration following the onset of anasthmatic attack, or a reduction in the frequency or severity ofasthmatic episodes. Therapeutic benefit also includes halting or slowingthe progression of the disease, regardless of whether improvement isrealized.

For prophylactic administration, the compound can be administered to apatient at risk of developing one of the previously described diseases.A patient at risk of developing a disease can be a patient havingcharacteristics placing the patient in a designated group of at riskpatients, as defined by an appropriate medical professional or group. Apatient at risk may also be a patient that is commonly or routinely in asetting where development of the underlying disease that may be treatedby administration of a metalloenzyme inhibitor according to theinvention could occur. In other words, the at risk patient is one who iscommonly or routinely exposed to the disease or illness causingconditions or may be acutely exposed for a limited time. Alternatively,prophylactic administration can be applied to avoid the onset ofsymptoms in a patient diagnosed with the underlying disorder.

The amount of compound administered will depend upon a variety offactors, including, for example, the particular indication beingtreated, the mode of administration, whether the desired benefit isprophylactic or therapeutic, the severity of the indication beingtreated and the age and weight of the patient, the bioavailability ofthe particular active compound, and the like. Determination of aneffective dosage is well within the capabilities of those skilled in theart.

Effective dosages can be estimated initially from in vitro assays. Forexample, an initial dosage for use in animals can be formulated toachieve a circulating blood or serum concentration of active compoundthat is at or above an IC50 of the particular compound as measured in asin vitro assay, such as the in vitro CHMC or BMMC and other in vitroassays described in the Examples section. Calculating dosages to achievesuch circulating blood or serum concentrations taking into account thebioavailability of the particular compound is well within thecapabilities of skilled artisans. For guidance, see Fingl & Woodbury,“General Principles,” In: Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmaceutical Basisof Therapeutics, Chapter 1, pp. 1-46, latest edition, Pagamonon Press,and the references cited therein, which are incorporated herein byreference.

Initial dosages also can be estimated from in vivo data, such as animalmodels. Animal models useful for testing the efficacy of compounds totreat or prevent the various diseases described above are well-known inthe art.

Dosage amounts will typically be in the range of from about 0.0001 or0.001 or 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day, but can be higher orlower, depending upon, among other factors, the activity of thecompound, its bioavailability, the mode of administration, and variousfactors discussed above. Dosage amount and interval can be adjustedindividually to provide plasma levels of the compound(s) which aresufficient to maintain therapeutic or prophylactic effect. In cases oflocal administration or selective uptake, such as local topicaladministration, the effective local concentration of active compound(s)can not be related to plasma concentration. Skilled artisans will beable to optimize effective local dosages without undue experimentation.

The compound(s) can be administered once per day, a few or several timesper day, or even multiple times per day, depending upon, among otherthings, the indication being treated and the judgment of the prescribingphysician.

Preferably, the compound(s) will provide therapeutic or prophylacticbenefit without causing substantial toxicity. Toxicity of thecompound(s) can be determined using standard pharmaceutical procedures.The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic (or prophylactic) effect isthe therapeutic index. Compounds(s) that exhibit high therapeuticindices are preferred.

The recitation of a listing of chemical groups in any definition of avariable herein includes definitions of that variable as any singlegroup or combination of listed groups. The recitation of an embodimentfor a variable herein includes that embodiment as any single embodimentor in combination with any other embodiments or portions thereof.

Agricultural Applications

The compounds and compositions herein can be used in methods ofmodulating metalloenzyme activity of a microorganism on a plantcomprising contacting a compound herein with the plant (e.g., seed,seedling, grass, weed, grain). The compounds and compositions herein canbe used to treat a plant, field or other agricultural area (e.g., asherbicides, pesticides, growth regulators, etc.) by administering thecompound or composition (e.g., contacting, applying, spraying,atomizing, dusting, etc.) to the subject plant, field or otheragricultural area. The administration can be either pre- orpost-emergence. The administration can be either as a treatment orpreventative regimen.

One aspect is a method of treating or preventing a fungal disease ordisorder in or on a plant comprising contacting a compound of any of theformulae herein with the plant. Another aspect is a method of treatingor preventing fungi growth in or on a plant comprising contacting acompound of any of the formulae herein with the plant. Another aspect isa method of inhibiting microorganisms in or on a plant comprisingcontacting a compound of any of the formulae herein with the plant.

The compositions comprising compounds herein can be employed, forexample, in the form of directly sprayable aqueous solutions, powders,suspensions, also highly-concentrated aqueous, oily or other suspensionsor dispersions, emulsions, oil dispersions, pastes, dusts, materials forspreading or granules, by means of spraying, atomizing, dusting,spreading or pouring.

The compositions herein include a compound of any of the formulae hereinand an agriculturally acceptable carrier. The composition can furthercomprise one or more additional agricultural agents. The additionalagricultural agent can be any agent useful in agricultural applications,e.g., a fungicide (e.g., azole class or strobilurin class), a pesticide,a growth agent, and the like. Fungicides include, for example,epoxyconazole, tebuconazole, fluquinconazole, flutriafol, metconazole,myclobutanil, cycproconazole, prothioconazole and propiconazole; ortrifloxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, orysastrobin, fluoxastrobin, orazoxystrobin.

Aqueous use forms can be prepared from emulsion concentrates,suspensions, pastes, wettable powders or water-dispersible granules byadding water. To prepare emulsions, pastes or oil dispersions, thesubstances, as such or dissolved in an oil or solvent, can behomogenized in water by means of wetting agent, tackifier, dispersant oremulsifier. However, it is also possible to prepare concentratescomposed of active substance, wetting agent, tackifier, dispersant oremulsifier and, if appropriate, solvent or oil, and these concentratesare suitable for dilution with water.

Granules, e.g. coated granules, impregnated granules and homogeneousgranules, can be prepared by binding the active ingredients (e.g.,compounds herein) to solid carriers. Solid carriers are mineral earthssuch as silicas, silica gels, silicates, talc, kaolin, limestone, lime,chalk, bole, loess, clay, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, calcium sulfate,magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide, ground synthetic material,fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammoniumnitrate, ureas and products of vegetable origin such as cereal meal,tree bark meal, wood meal and nutshell meal, cellulose powders or othersolid carriers.

The compounds herein can be formulated as ordinary tablets, capsules,solids, liquids, emulsions, slurries, oils, fine granules or powders,which are suitable for administration to plants, fields or otheragricultural areas. In preferred embodiments, the preparation includesbetween 1 and 95% (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 25%, 75%, 80%,90%, 95%) compound herein in a carrier or diluent. The compositionsdelineated herein include the compounds of the formulae delineatedherein, as well as additional agricultural agents if present, in amountseffective for controlling (e.g., modulating, inhibiting) ametalloenzyme-mediated agricultural disease or disorder.

In one approach, a compound herein is provided in an encapsulatedformulation (liquid or powder). Specific materials suitable for use incapsule materials include, but are not limited to, porous particulatesor substrates such as silica, perlite, talc, clay, pyrophyllite,diatomaceous earth, gelatin and gels, polymers (e.g., polyurea,polyurethane, polyamide, polyester, etc.), polymeric particles, orcellulose. These include, for example, hollow fibers, hollow tubes ortubing which release a compound specified herein through the walls,capillary tubing which releases the compound out of an opening in thetubing, polymeric blocks of different shapes, e.g., strips, blocks,tablets, discs, which release the compound out of the polymer matrix,membrane systems which hold the compound within an impermeable containerand release it through a measured permeable membrane, and combinationsof the foregoing. Examples of such dispensing compositions are polymerlaminates, polyvinyl chloride pellets, and microcapillaries.

Encapsulation processes are typically classified as chemical ormechanical. Examples of chemical processes for encapsulation include,but are not limited to, complex coacervation, polymer-polymerincompatibility, interfacial polymerization in liquid media, in situpolymerization, in-liquid drying, thermal and ionic gelation in liquidmedia, desolvation in liquid media, starch-based chemistry processes,trapping in cyclodextrins, and formation of liposomes. Examples ofmechanical processes for encapsulation include, but are not limited to,spray drying, spray chilling, fluidized bed, electrostatic deposition,centrifugal extrusion, spinning disk or rotational suspensionseparation, annular-jet encapsulation, polymerization at liquid-gas orsolid-gas interface, solvent evaporation, pressure extrusion or sprayinginto solvent extraction bath.

Microcapsules are also suitable for the long-term release of activecompound herein. Microcapsules are small particles that contain a corematerial or active ingredient surrounded by a coating or shell. The sizeof the microcapsule typically varies from 1 to 1000 microns withcapsules smaller than 1 micron classified as nanocapsules and capsuleslarger than 1000 microns as macrocapsules. Core payload usually variesfrom 0.1 to 98 weight percent. Microcapsules can have a variety ofstructures (continuous core/shell, multinuclear, or monolithic) and haveirregular or geometric shapes.

In another approach, the compound herein is provided in an oil-baseddelivery system. Oil release substrates include vegetable and/or mineraloils. In one embodiment, the substrate also contains a surface activeagent that renders the composition readily dispersable in water; suchagents include wetting agents, emulsifying agents, dispersing agents,and the like.

Compounds of the invention can also be provided as emulsions. Emulsionformulations can be found as water in oil (w/o) or oil in water (o/w).Droplet size can vary from the nanometer scale (colloidal dispersion) toseveral hundred microns. A variety of surfactants and thickeners areusually incorporated in the formulation to modify the size of thedroplets, stabilize the emulsion, and modify the release.

Alternatively, compounds of the invention may also be formulated in asolid tablet and comprise (and preferably consist essentially of) anoil, a protein/carbohydrate material (preferably vegetable based), asweetener and an active ingredient useful in the prevention or treatmentof a metalloenzyme-mediated agricultural disease or disorder. In oneembodiment the invention provides a solid tablet and comprises (andpreferably consist essentially of) an oil, a protein/carbohydratematerial (preferably vegetable based), a sweetener and an activeingredient (e.g., compound herein or combinations or derivativesthereof) useful in the prevention or treatment a metalloenzyme-mediatedagricultural disease or disorder. Tablets typically contain about 4-40%(e.g., 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%) by weight of an oil (e.g., plant oil,such as corn, sunflower, peanut, olive, grape seed, tung, turnip,soybean, cotton seed, walnut, palm, castor, earth almond, hazelnut,avocado, sesame, croton tiglium, cacao, linseed, rape-seed, and canolaoils and their hydrogenated derivatives; petroleum derived oils (e.g.,parafins and petroleum jelly), and other water immiscible hydrocarbons(e.g., parafins). The tablets further contain from about 5-40% (e.g.,5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%) by weight of a vegetable-basedprotein/carbohydrate material. The material contains both a carbohydrateportion (e.g., derived from cereal grains, such as wheat, rye, barley,oat, corn, rice, millet, sorghum, birdseed, buckwheat, alfalfa, mielga,corn meal, soybean meal, grain flour, wheat middlings, wheat bran, corngluten meal, algae meal, dried yeast, beans, rice) and a proteinportion.

Optionally, various excipients and binders can be used in order toassist with delivery of the active ingredient or to provide theappropriate structure to the tablet. Preferred excipients and bindersinclude anhydrous lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, corn starch,magnesium estearate, calcium estearate, zinc estearate, sodiccarboxymethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose,and mixtures thereof.

The invention provides kits for the treatment or prevention ofagricultural or plant disease or disorders. In one embodiment, the kitincludes a composition containing an effective amount of a compoundherein in a form suitable for delivery to a site plant. In someembodiments, the kit comprises a container which contains a compound offormula (I) or (II); such containers can be boxes, ampules, bottles,vials, tubes, bags, pouches, blister-packs, or other suitable containerforms known in the art. Such containers can be made of plastic, glass,laminated paper, metal foil, or other materials suitable for holdingcompounds.

If desired the compound(s) of the invention is provided together withinstructions for administering it to a plant, field, or otheragricultural area. The instructions will generally include informationabout the use of the composition for the treatment or prevention of ametalloenzyme-mediated agricultural disease or disorder. In otherembodiments, the instructions include at least one of the following:description of the compound; dosage schedule and administration fortreatment or prevention of a metalloenzyme-mediated agricultural diseaseor disorder; precautions; warnings; description of research studies;and/or references. The instructions may be printed directly on thecontainer (when present), or as a label applied to the container, or asa separate sheet, pamphlet, card, or folder supplied in or with thecontainer.

EXAMPLES

The present invention will now be demonstrated using specific examplesthat are not to be construed as limiting.

General Experimental Procedures

Definitions of variables in the structures in schemes herein arecommensurate with those of corresponding positions in the formulaedelineated herein.

Synthesis of 2-Tetrazoles

Syntheses of 2-substituted tetrazole targets (III) may be accomplishedusing the example synthesis that is shown below (Scheme 1). A broadrange of R4 and R5-substituted naphthalenes may be prepared startingfrom functionalized halo- and alkoxy-naphthalene starting materials(e.g. A).

The intermediate B may be prepared by Friedel-Crafts acylation of2,3-dimethoxy-naphthalene with isobutyryl chloride/aluminum trichloride.Reduction of the ketone to the corresponding secondary alcohol followedby sequential treatment with thionyl chloride and tetrazole affords 3(as a minor regioisomer along with a 1-tetrazole by-product). Forcompounds III wherein R4 or R5 are aryl or heteroaryl, these groups maybe added to Br-naphthalene intermediates (R4 or R5=Br) via Suzukicoupling methodology [aryl-B(OH)₂ or heteroaryl-B(OH)₂, palladium (II)acetate catalysis].

Example 1 2-(1-(6,7-bis(difluoromethoxy)naphthalen-2-yl)-2-methylpropyl)-2H-tetrazole (1)

To a stirred solution of A (40 g, 0.21 mol) in CH₂Cl₂ (600 mL) was addedisobutyryl chloride (34 mL, 0.31 mol) at −5° C., followed byportion-wise addition of AlCl₃ (56.8 g, 0.42 mol) over a period of 20min under N₂ atmosphere. The reaction was allowed to slowly warm to RTand stirred for 3 h; the reaction mixture was poured into ice-cold water(200 mL) and the organic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was thenextracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×100 mL); combined organic extracts were washedwith 5% NaHCO₃ solution (100 mL), water (100 mL), brine (100 mL) anddried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. After filtration and evaporation underreduced pressure, the crude material was washed with n-hexane to affordB (35 g, 0.13 mol, 63%) as off-white solid. ¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl₃): δ8.34 (s, 1H), 7.90 (dd, J=8.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.26(s, 1H), 7.14 (s, 1H), 4.03 (s, 6H), 3.79-3.63 (m, 1H), 1.27 (d, J=7.0Hz, 6H). MS (ESI): ink 259 [M+H]⁺.

To a stirred solution of B (18 g, 69 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (180 mL) was addedBBr₃ (87.2 g, 348 mmol) drop wise at −40° C. After completion ofaddition, stirring was continued for addition 1 h at −40° C. and 1 h atRT. The reaction mixture was poured into cold water and aqueous layerwas then extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×200 mL). Combined organic extractswere washed with water (100 mL), brine (100 mL) and dried over anhydrousNa₂SO₄. After filtration and evaporation of solvent under reducedpressure, the crude material was purified by column chromatography(SiO₂, 100-200 mesh) to afford C (9.0 g, 39 mmol, 56%) as brown colorsolid. ¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.29 (s, 1H), 7.88 (dd, J=8.8, 1.6 Hz,1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (s, 1H), 7.26 (s, 1H), 5.88 (br s,2H), 3.79-3.63 (m, 1H), 1.27 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H).

To a stirred solution of C (10.0 g, 0.043 mol) in DMF (100 mL) wereadded sodium 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetate (42.6 g, 0.21 mol) (the Na saltwas prepared by treating ester with 1.0 eq of NaOH in EtOH: H₂O (2:1) atRT for 16. Then solvent was evaporated and residue was co-distilled withtoluene (3 times) to obtain the salt.) and K₂CO₃ (36 g, 0.26 mol) andthe mixture was stirred at 80-90° C. for 48 h. The reaction mixture waspoured into cold water and aqueous layer was then extracted with CH₂Cl₂(3×100 mL). Combined organic extracts were washed with water (50 mL),brine (50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. After filtration andevaporation of solvent under reduced pressure, the crude material waspurified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 100-200 mesh) to afford D (3.0g, 0.009 mol, 21%) as a solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.40 (s, 1H),8.05 (dd, J=8.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (s, 1H), 7.68(s, 1H), 6.67 (t, J_(F,H)=73 Hz, 1H), 6.65 (t, J_(F,H)=73 Hz, 1H),3.72-3.65 (m, 1H), 1.27 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 6H).

To a stirred solution of D (0.65 g, 1.96 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was addedNaBH₄ (0.15 g, 3.9 mmol) at 0° C. and the resulting mixture was stirredfor additional 30 min at 0° C. The reaction mixture was quenched withice-cold water and the aqueous layer was then extracted with EtOAc (2×50mL). Combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried overanhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crudematerial was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 100-200 mesh)using gradients of EtOAc/hexane to afford E (0.58 g, 1.74 mmol, 89%) asa semi solid. ¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.80-7.72 (m, 2H), 7.64 (s,2H), 7.50 (dd, J=8.4, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.63 (t, J_(F,H)=72 Hz, 2H),4.58-4.53 (m, 1H), 2.10-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.95 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 1.00 (d,J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.84 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H).

To a stirred solution of E (0.8 g, 2.4 mmol) in acetonitrile (15 mL) wasadded thionyl chloride (0.27 mL, 3.61 mmol) at 0° C. and the resultingreaction mixture was stirred for additional 30 min at 0° C. The reactionmixture was quenched with water (20 mL) and the aqueous layer was thenextracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined organic extracts werewashed with 5% NaHCO₃ solution (50 mL), water (50 mL), brine (50 mL),dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressure toafford F (0.8 g, 2.28 mol, 95%) as solid. ¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl₃): δ7.81-7.72 (m, 2H), 7.65 (s, 2H), 7.53 (dd, J=8.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (t,J_(F,H)=74 Hz, 2H), 4.75 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 2.38-2.28 (m, 1H), 1.14 (d,J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H).

To a stirred solution of F (0.3 g, 0.85 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) were addedK₂CO₃ (0.47 g, 3.41 mmol) and 1H-tetrazole (0.18 g, 2.56 mmol) at RT.The reaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for 36 h. The reaction mixturewas diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×50 mL);combined organic extracts were washed with water (50 mL), brine (50 mL)and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. After filtration and evaporation ofsolvent under reduced pressure, the crude material was purified bycolumn chromatography (SiO₂, 100-200 mesh) to afford 3 (30 mg, 0.07mmol, 9.0%) as a solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.51 (s, 1H), 7.94(s, 1H), 7.81 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.72 (dd, J=8.5, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.67-7.64(m, 2H), (t, J_(F,H)=73 Hz, 2H), 5.65 (d, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 3.04-2.99 (m,1H), 0.91 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H).

MS (ESI): m/z 385 [M+H]⁺. HPLC: 94.4%.

Example 22-(2-Methyl-1-(6-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)naphthalen-2-yl)propyl)-2H-tetrazole(2)

To a stirred solution of G (1.0 g, 5.91 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were addedK₂CO₃ (2.44 g, 17.75 mmol) and CF₃CH₂I (3.72 g, 17.75 mmol) at RT. Thereaction mixture was heated at 60° C. for 16 h. The reaction mixture wasdiluted with water (25 mL) and the aqueous layer was then extracted withEtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with water(50 mL), brine (50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. After filtrationand evaporation of solvent under reduced pressure, the crude materialwas purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 100-200 mesh) eluting with15% EtOAc/hexane to afford H (0.47 g, 1.87 mmol, 32%) as light yellowsolid. ¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.18 (s, 1H), 7.83 (t, J=9.4 Hz, 2H),7.60 (dd, J=8.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (dd, J=8.8, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (app s,1H), 4.50 (q, J=8.0 Hz, 2H) MS (ESI): m/z 252.1 [M+H]⁺.

To a stirred solution of H (0.1 g, 0.39 mmol) in toluene (2 mL) wasadded catalytic amount of CuBr at RT under N₂ atmosphere. The reactionmixture was cooled to 0° C.; isopropyl magnesium bromide (0.14 g, 0.99mmol, 1 M in diethyl ether) was then added to the reaction mixture dropwise and stiffing was continued for another 1 h at 0° C. The reactionmixture was quenched with saturated NH₄Cl, and the aqueous layer wasextracted with ethyl acetate (2×50 mL); combined organic extracts werewashed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated underreduced pressure. The crude material was purified by columnchromatography (SiO₂, 100-200 mesh) eluting with 10% EtOAc/hexane toafford I (70 mg, 0.26 mmol, 67%) as a solid. ¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl₃): δ8.42 (s, 1H), 8.05 (dd, J=8.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.92 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.80(d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.29 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (app s, 1H), 4.50 (q,J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 3.77-3.63 (m, 1H), 1.28 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 6H). MS (ESI): m/z297 [M+H]⁺.

To a stirred solution of ketone I (0.5 g, 1.68 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) wasadded NaBH₄ (0.24 g, 6.7 mmol) portion wise at 0° C. under inertatmosphere. After being stirred for 3 h at RT, the reaction mixture wasquenched with water (25 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×50 mL). Thecombined organic phases were washed with water, brine and dried overanhydrous Na₂SO₄. After filtration, the solvent was evaporated underreduced pressure to give crude material. The crude material was purifiedby column chromatography (SiO₂, 100-200 mesh) to afford alcohol J (0.45g, 1.5 mmol, 89%) as thick syrup. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.78 (d,J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.73-7.71 (m, 2H), 7.47 (dd, J=9.0, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.22(dd, J=8.5, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H), 4.52-4.44 (m, 3H), 2.07-2.05 (m,1H), 1.88 (s, 1H), 1.04 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H), 0.83 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H). MS(ESI): m/z 299 [M⁺+1].

To a stirred solution of 1H-tetrazole (1.75 g, 25.0 mmol) inacetonitrile (15 mL) was added SOCl₂ (0.49 mL, 6.68 mmol) drop wise at−10° C. After being stirred for 1 h at 0° C., K₂CO₃ (0.34 g, 2.5 mmol)followed by solution of J (0.5 g, 1.67 mmol) in acetonitrile (3 mL) wasadded to the reaction mixture at −10° C. After completion of addition,the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to RT and stirring wascontinued for another 16 h. The volatiles were evaporated under reducedpressure; the residue was diluted with water (50 mL) and the organiclayer was separated. The aqueous layer was then extracted with EtOAc(3×50 mL); combined organic extracts were washed with water (50 mL),brine (50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. After filtration andevaporation of solvent under reduced pressure, the crude material waspurified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 100-200 mesh) eluting with 10%MeOH/DCM to afford 2 (40 mg, 0.11 mmol, 7.0%) as a solid. ¹H NMR (500MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.50 (s, 1H), 7.92 (s, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H),7.56-7.68 (m, 2H), 7.22 (dd, J=9.0, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (s, 1H), 5.64 (d,J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (q, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 3.04-2.99 (m, 1H), 0.92 (d,J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.95 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H). HPLC: 97.3%.

Example 32-(1-(6,7-Dimethoxynaphthalen-2-yl)-2-methylpropyl)-2H-tetrazole (3)

To a stirred solution of tetrazole (0.32 g, 4.6 mmol) in dryacetonitrile (2 mL) was added thionyl chloride (0.16 mL, 2.3 mmol) inacetonitrile (1 mL) drop wise at 10° C. under inert atmosphere and theresulting mixture was stirred at 10° C. for 1 h. Then K₂CO₃ (0.23 g,1.73 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture followed by drop wiseaddition of K (0.3 g, 1.15 mmol) in acetonitrile (2 mL) at 10° C. Aftercompletion of addition, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to roomtemperature and stirred for 16 h. The volatiles were evaporated underreduced pressure; the resulting residue was diluted with water (10 mL)and extracted with EtOAc (2×30 mL). Combined organic phases were washedwith brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated underreduced pressure. The crude material was purified by columnchromatography (SiO₂, 100-200 mesh) eluting with 25% acetone/hexane toafford 3 (0.10 g, 0.32 mmol, 27.8%) as solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ8.62 (s, 1H), 7.73-7.65 (m, 2H), 7.38 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (s, 2H),5.27 (d, J=9.5 Hz, 1H), 3.99 (s, 6H), 2.97-2.92 (m, 1H), 0.97-0.91 (m,6H). HPLC: 98.8%. Mass: m/z 243 [M⁺-CH₂N₄+1].

Example 42-(1-(6-(difluoromethoxy)naphthalen-2-yl)-2-methylpropyl)-2H-tetrazole(4)

To a stirred solution of G (10.0 g, 0.05 mol) in DMF (100 mL) were addedK₂CO₃ (48.9 g, 0.35 mol) and ethyl 2-bromo-2,2-difluoroacetate (59 g,0.29 mol) at RT under an inert atmosphere. The reaction mixture wasgradually heated to 110° C. and stirring was continued for 48 h.Progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC. The reaction mixture wasdiluted with water (100 mL) and extracted with diethyl ether (3×100 mL).The combined organic phases were washed with water (100 mL), brine (100mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo.The crude material was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 100-200mesh) to afford L (2.0 g, 0.009 mol, 15.5%) as off white solid. ¹H NMR(200 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.23 (s, 1H), 7.90 (t, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.65 (dd,J=8.6, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (app s, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=9.2, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 6.67(t, J_(F,H)=73.0 Hz, 1H). MS (ESI): m/z 221 [M+H]⁺.

To a stirred solution of L (3.0 g, 13.6 mmol) in toluene (30 mL) wasadded CuBr (0.2 g) followed by isopropyl magnesium bromide (6.0 g, 41mmol) drop wise at 0° C. under an inert atmosphere. After being stirredfor additional 1 h at 0° C., the reaction mixture was quenched withsaturated NH₄Cl solution and extracted with DCM (2×100 mL). The combinedorganic phases were washed with water (100 mL), brine (100 mL) and driedover anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crudematerial was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 100-200 mesh) toafford M (2.5 g, 9.4 mmol, 69.25%) as a semi solid. ¹H NMR (200 MHz,CDCl₃): δ 8.46 (s, 1H), 8.09-7.95 (m, 2H), 7.85 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.52(app s, 1H), 7.35 (dd, J=8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (t, J_(F,H)=73.4 Hz,1H), 3.77-3.64 (m, 1H), 1.28 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H). MS (ESI): m/z 265[M+H]⁺.

To a stirred solution of M (0.3 g, 1.13 mmol) in MeOH (2 mL) was addedNaBH₄ (0.08 g, 2.2 mmol) at 0° C. and the resulting mixture was stirredfor additional 1 h at 0° C. The reaction mixture was quenched withice-cold water and the aqueous layer was then extracted with EtOAc (2×50mL). Combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried overanhydrous Na₂SO₄, concentrated under reduced pressure. The crudematerial was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 100-200 mesh)using gradients of EtOAc/hexane to afford N (0.25 g, 0.93 mmol, 83%) asa solid. ¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.85-7.76 (m, 3H), 7.52-7.47 (m,2H), 7.30 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (t, J_(F,H)=73.8 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (dd,J=6.6, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 2.11-2.01 (m, 1H), 1.92 (app s, 1H), 1.02 (d, J=6.8Hz, 3H), 0.83 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H). MS (ESI): m/z 268 [M+H]⁺.

To a stirred solution of N (0.25 g, 0.93 mmol) in acetonitrile (5 mL)was added thionyl chloride (0.26 g, 2.18 mmol) at 0° C. and theresulting reaction mixture was stirred for additional 5 h at 0° C. Thereaction mixture was quenched with water (20 mL) and the aqueous layerwas then extracted with EtOAc (2×25 mL). The combined organic extractswere washed with 5% NaHCO₃ solution (25 mL), water (25 mL), brine (25mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated under reduced pressureto afford O (0.20 g, crude) as a thick syrup. The crude material wasused in next step without further purification. MS (ESI): m/z 286[M+H]⁺.

To a stirred solution of O (0.35 g, 1.22 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) were addedK₂CO₃ (0.5 g, 3.68 mmol) and 1H-tetrazole (0.34 g, 4.88 mmol) at RT. Thereaction mixture was heated at 90° C. for 16 h. The reaction mixture wasdiluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (2×50 mL); combinedorganic extracts were washed with water (50 mL), brine (50 mL) and driedover anhydrous Na₂SO₄. After filtration and evaporation of solvent underreduced pressure, the crude material was purified by columnchromatography (SiO₂, 100-200 mesh) to afford 4 (35 mg, 0.09 mmol, 9.0%)as an off white solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.50 (s, 1H), 7.96 (s,1H), 7.85 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=8.5,1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=9.0, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (t,J_(F,H)=73.5 Hz, 1H), 5.65 (d, J=11 Hz, 1H), 3.05-3.00 (m, 1H), 0.92 (d,J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H). MS (ESI): m/z 319 [M+H]⁺. HPLC:93.9%.

Analytical Data for (+)-4

¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.50 (s, 1H), 7.96 (s, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=9.0Hz, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=8.5, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (s,1H), 7.40 (dd, J=9.0, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (t, J_(F,H)=73.5 Hz, 1H), 5.65(d, J=11 Hz, 1H), 3.05-3.00 (m, 1H), 0.92 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 3H), 0.87 (d,J=6.5 Hz, 3H). HPLC: 99.2%.

Chiral HPLC: R_(t)=10.2 min [Column: Chiralpak IC, 250×4.6 mm, 5u;Mobile Phase: A) n-hexane, B) IPA; Isocratic: A:B (90:10); Flow Rate:1.00 mL/min, Diluent: EtOH:hexane (20:80)].

Optical rotation [α]_(D): 38.2° (c=0.5 w/v % in MeOH).

Example 5 Metalloenzyme Activity

A. Inhibition of CYP17

CYP17 activity was assayed according to the following procedure.Solutions of each test compound and isozyme inhibitor (ketoconazole)were separately prepared at concentrations of 2700, 540, 90, 18, 3, 0.6and 0.1 μM by serial dilution with DMSO:ACN (50:50 v/v). The individualtest compound and isozyme inhibitor solutions were then diluted 20-foldwith deionized water (50:950 v/v) to concentrations of 135, 27, 4.5,0.9, 0.15, 0.03 and 0.005 μM. The percent of organic solventattributable to the test compound or inhibitor mixture in the finalreaction mixture is 1%. Pooled rat testicular microsome suspension (20mg/mL) was diluted with phosphate buffer to obtain a 1.25 mg/mLsuspension. A solution of NADPH was prepared in phosphate buffer at aconcentration of 2.5×. A stock solution of the substrate was prepared inDMSO:MeCN (50:50 v/v), mixed, and diluted in phosphate buffer to obtaina single solution containing the substrate at 5 μM. The percent oforganic solvent attributable to substrate mixture in the final reactionmixture is 1%. Substrate solution and microsome suspension were combinedin a 1:1 volume ratio, mixed, and distributed to reaction wells of a PCRplate. Individual test compound or the inhibitor solution at eachconcentration was added to the wells and mixed by repetitiveaspirate/dispense cycles. For active controls, blank test compounddiluent was added in place of test compound solution. Reaction mixtureswere allowed to equilibrate at 37° C. for approximately two minutesbefore adding NADPH solution to initiate reaction, followed by pipettemixing of reaction mixture. Compounds of the presently disclosed subjectmatter exhibit IC50s in the range shown in Table 1.

Example 6 Metalloenzyme Selectivity

A. Inhibition of Liver Cytochrome P450 Enzymes

Solutions of each test compound were separately prepared atconcentrations of 20000, 6000, 2000, 600, 200, and 60 μM by serialdilution with DMSO:MeCN (50:50 v/v). The individual test compoundsolutions were then diluted 20-fold with DMSO:MeCN:deionized water(5:5:180 v/v/v) to concentrations of 1000, 300, 100, 30, 10, and 3 μM.Mixtures of isozyme inhibitors (sulfaphenazole, tranylcypromine, andketoconazole as specific inhibitors of isozymes 2C9, 2C19, and 3A4,respectively) were prepared containing each inhibitor at concentrationsof 6000, 2000, 600, 200, 60, 20, 6, and 2 μM by serial dilution withDMSO:ACN (50:50 v/v). The mixed inhibitor solutions were then diluted20-fold with DMSO:MeCN:deionized water (5:5:180 v/v/v) to concentrationsof 300, 100, 30, 10, 3, 1, 0.3, and 0.1 μM. The percent of organicsolvent attributable to the test compound or inhibitor mixture in thefinal reaction mixture was 2% v/v.

Pooled human liver microsome suspension (20 mg/mL) was diluted withphosphate buffer to obtain a 5 mg/mL suspension. A solution of NADPH wasprepared in phosphate buffer at a concentration of 5 mM. Separate stocksolutions of each substrate were prepared in DMSO:MeCN (50:50 v/v),mixed, and diluted in phosphate buffer to obtain a single solutioncontaining each substrate at five times its experimentally determinedK_(m) concentration. The percent of organic solvent attributable tosubstrate mixture in the final reaction mixture was 1% v/v.

Substrate solution and microsome suspension were combined in a 1:1volume ratio, mixed, and distributed to reaction wells of a PCR plate.Individual test compound or combined inhibitor solutions at eachconcentration were added to the wells and mixed by repetitiveaspirate-dispense cycles. For active controls, blank phosphate buffersolution was added in place of test compound solution. Reaction mixtureswere allowed to equilibrate at 37° C. for approximately two minutesbefore adding NADPH solution to initiate reaction, followed by pipettemixing of reaction mixture. Ten minutes after addition of NADPH, thereaction mixtures were quenched with cold acetonitrile. The samples weremixed by orbital shaking for approximately one minute and centrifuged at2900 RCF for ten minutes. A portion of the supernatant was analyzed bygradient reverse-phase HPLC with detection by electrospray ionizationtriple quadrupole mass spectrometry in the positive ion mode.

Data was fitted to sigmoid dose-response curves and the inhibitorypotency of each test compound was determined as its IC₅₀ value.

TABLE 1 Results Example CYP17 IC50* CYP2C9* CYP2C19* CYP3A4* 1 0.40 7.037 >200 2 0.46 27 45 >60 3 0.27 4.8 30 >200 4 0.21 15 35 >200Ketoconazole 0.40 40 19 0.15 *CYP IC50 values are expressed in uM.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

The contents of all references (including literature references, issuedpatents, published patent applications, and co-pending patentapplications) cited throughout this application are hereby expresslyincorporated herein in their entireties by reference.

EQUIVALENTS

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain usingno more than routine experimentation, many equivalents of the specificembodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents areintended with be encompassed by the following claims.

What is claimed:
 1. A compound of formula (I), or salt, solvate, hydrate, or prodrug thereof:

wherein R₁ is optionally substituted naphthyl, R₂ is unsubstituted alkyl, and R₃ is H.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ is substituted naphthyl, R₂ is unsubstituted alkyl, and R₃ is H.
 3. The compound of claim 2, wherein R₁ is naphthyl substituted with 1, 2, 3 or 4 substituents, independently selected from alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, cyano, halo, amino, mono-alkylamino, di-alkylamino, or heteroaryl.
 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₂ is selected from the group consisting of methyl; ethyl; n-propyl; isopropyl; n-butyl; 2-butyl; isobutyl; tert-butyl; n-pentyl; 2-pentyl; 3-methyl-2-butyl; 3-pentyl; 2-methyl-3-butyl; 2-methyl-1-butyl; neopentyl; isopentyl; n-hexyl; 2-hexyl; 3-methyl-2-pentyl; 4-methyl-2-pentyl; 3-hexyl; 2-methyl-3-pentyl; 2,2-dimethyl-3-butyl; 2-methyl-1-pentyl; 2,3-dimethyl-1-butyl; 1,1-dimethyl-1-butyl; 1,1,2-trimethyl-1-propyl; 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl; 2,2-dimethyl-3-butyl; 2,2-dimethyl-4-butyl; 2-ethyl-1-butyl; isohexyl; and 3-methyl-1-pentyl.
 5. A compound having the structure of formula (III):

wherein X is CH; Y is CH; R₂ is optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted naphthyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted alkyl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl-alkyl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl-(di)fluoroalkyl; R₃ is H, optionally substituted alkyl, or optionally substituted cycloalkyl; and R⁴ and R⁵ are independently H, halogen, alkoxy, fluoroalkoxy containing 1-5 fluorines, cyano, carboxamido, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl.
 6. The compound of claim 5, wherein R₂ is selected from the group consisting of methyl; ethyl; n-propyl; isopropyl; n-butyl; 2-butyl; isobutyl; tert-butyl; n-pentyl; 2-pentyl; 3-methyl-2-butyl; 3-pentyl; 2-methyl-3-butyl; 2-methyl-1-butyl; neopentyl; isopentyl; n-hexyl; 2-hexyl; 3-methyl-2-pentyl; 4-methyl-2-pentyl; 3-hexyl; 2-methyl-3-pentyl; 2,2-dimethyl-3-butyl; 2-methyl-1-pentyl; 2,3-dimethyl-1-butyl; 1,1-dimethyl-1-butyl; 1,1,2-trimethyl-1-propyl; 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl; 2,2-dimethyl-3-butyl; 2,2-dimethyl-4-butyl; 2-ethyl-1-butyl; isohexyl; and 3-methyl-1-pentyl.
 7. A compound that is: 2-(1-(6,7-bis(difluoro methoxy)naphthalen-2-yl)-2-methylpropyl)-2H-tetrazole (1); 2-(2-Methyl-1-(6-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)naphthalen-2-yl)propyl)-2H-tetrazole (2); 2-(1-(6,7-Dimethoxynaphthalen-2-yl)-2-methylpropyl)-2H-tetrazole (3); 2-(1-(6-(difluoromethoxy)naphthalen-2-yl)-2-methylpropyl)-2H-tetrazole (4); or salt, solvate, hydrate or prodrug thereof.
 8. A composition comprising a compound of claim 5 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 9. The composition of claim 8 further comprising a therapeutic agent in addition to the compound of formula (III).
 10. The composition of claim 8 further comprising a therapeutic agent in addition to the compound of formula (III), wherein the therapeutic agent is an anti-cancer agent, antifungal agent, cardiovascular agent, antiinflammatory agent, chemotherapeutic agent, an anti-angiogenesis agent, cytotoxic agent, an anti-proliferation agent, metabolic disease agent, opthalmologic disease agent, central nervous system (CNS) disease agent, urologic disease agent, or gastrointestinal disease agent. 